Os primeiros passos para a institucionalização da loucura em Alagoas na segunda meta de do século XIX ao estabelecimento do Asylo Santa Leopoldina: inserção de enfermeiros e tratamento / Los primeros pasos hacia la institucionalización de la locura en Alagoas en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX hasta la instauración del Asilo Santa Leopoldina: inserción de enfermeras y tratamiento / The first steps towards the institutionalization of madness in Alagoas in the second half of the 19th century to the establishment of Asylo Santa Leopoldina: insertion of nurses and treatment

A partir de 1850 Alagoas começou a discutir sobre as primeiras medidas sanitárias para conter as epidemias no estado. Foi nesse contexto que a comissão de higiene pública passou a propor medidas sanitárias coletivas e/ou individuais, como a limpeza das ruas e pântanos, orientações à população, controle na criação de porcos, construção do hospital de caridade, cemitério público de Maceió, lazareto do porto do Francês, abertura de enfermarias provisórias e adaptações à cadeia pública, este último abrigando o primeiro local para os alienados no Estado [Fragmento de texto] (AU)

A criação de institutos disciplinares: uma análise histórica / Creation of juvenile detention facilities: a historical analysis / La creación de institutos disciplinares: un análisis Histórico

Neste estudo objetivamos compreender as origens do Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, estabelecimento criado no início do período republicano, que atendia adolescentes ditos "delinquentes". Para isso, analisamos documentos históricos e as obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) e Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), ambas de autoria de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que apresentou o projeto de criação do primeiro Instituto Disciplinar do estado de São Paulo. Concluímos que a Escola Positiva de Direito Penal, exerceu grande influência na criação de Institutos Disciplinares no Brasil e que a predileção histórica do Estado brasileiro, em geral, pelo isolamento social ou aprisionamento como solução para o problema da delinquência juvenil demonstra que o ideário da higiene social ainda permanece na execução das políticas públicas voltadas aos jovens que atualmente denominamos em conflito com a lei. (AU)

This study aimed to understand the origins of Juvenile Detention Center of São Paulo, establishment created at the beginning of the republican period, which served so-called "delinquent" teenagers. For this, we analyzed historical documents and the works Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (1925) and Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), both by Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurist who presented the project to create the first Juvenile Detention Center in the state of São Paulo. We conclude that the Positive School of Criminal Law had a great influence on the creation of Juvenile Detention Centers in Brazil and that the historical predilection of the Brazilian State, in general, for social isolation or imprisonment as a solution to juvenile delinquency demonstrates that the ideal of social hygiene still remains in the execution of public policies aimed at young people that are currently in conflict with the law. (AU)

En este estudio se tuvo por objetivo comprender los orígenes de lo Instituto Disciplinar de São Paulo, establecimiento creado en el inicio del período republicano, que atendía adolescentes dichos "delincuentes". Para eso, analizamos documentos históricos y las obras Classificação dos criminosos: introdução ao estudo do direito penal (Clasificación de los criminales: introducción al estudio del derecho penal ) y Os menores delinquentes e o seu tratamento no Estado de São Paulo (1909), (Los menores delincuentes y su tratamiento en el Estado de São Paulo) (1925) ambas de autoría de Candido Naziazeno Nogueira da Motta (1870-1942), jurista que presentó el proyecto de creación del primer Instituto Disciplinar del estado de São Paulo. Concluimos que la Escola Positiva de Derecho Penal, ejerció gran influencia en la creación de Institutos Disciplinares en Brasil y que la predilección histórica del Estado brasileño, en general, por el aislamiento social o aprisionamiento como solución para el problema de la delincuencia juvenil apunta que el ideario de la higiene social aún permanece en la ejecución de las políticas públicas volcadas a los jóvenes que actualmente se denomina en conflicto con la ley. (AU)

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904.

BACKGROUND: Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance. METHODS: Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored. RESULTS: We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.

The history of mental health policy in Turkey: tradition, transition and transformation.

This article offers a brief history and the evolution of mental health policy in Turkey. It aims to analyse how mental health policies were transformed and why certain policies were introduced at specific times. The modern history of mental health policy is divided into three periods: the institutionalization of psychiatry and hospital-based mental health services; the introduction of community-based mental healthcare services; and lastly, the policy of deinstitutionalization after the 1980s. These periods have been categorized in a way that basically coincides with Turkey's modern political history.

[In the middle of the road there was a stone: the history of violence and social suffering among young adults with trajectories of psychiatric hospitalization]. / No meio do caminho tinha uma pedra: a história de violência e sofrimento social de jovens adultos com trajetórias de internação em hospital psiquiátrico.

This article presents the life stories of three young adults with a long history of psychiatric hospitalization who became residents of a psychiatric hospital in Sorocaba (SP), in a region known as a center for the mentally ill. This study analyzes mental health policies and their effects on the lives of these individuals based on discussions about social suffering. Using the participant objectivation technique, these individuals were followed for two years after dehospitalization. The results show that health policy in Sorocaba has been advanced through totalizing and coercive schemes with institutionalization and medicalization comprising the "solution" to some social problems.

São apresentadas as histórias de vida de três jovens adultos, com longo período de internação psiquiátrica, que se tornaram moradores de hospital psiquiátrico em Sorocaba (SP), em uma região caracterizada como polo manicomial. Objetivou-se analisar as políticas de saúde mental e os efeitos de suas ações na vida daqueles sujeitos, tendo como premissas as discussões sobre sofrimento social. Por meio da "objetivação participante", acompanharam-se, durante dois anos, suas trajetórias após o processo de desospitalização. Como resultado, aponta-se que a política de saúde naquele município tem sido promovida por meio de esquemas totalizantes e coercitivos, em que a institucionalização da vida, com a sua medicalização, constitui a "resposta" para alguns problemas sociais.

The Psychopharmacological Revolution in the USSR: Schizophrenia Treatment and the Thaw in Soviet Psychiatry, 1954-64.

Twentieth-century psychiatry was transformed in the 1950s and 1960s by the introduction of powerful psychopharmaceuticals, particularly Chlorpromazine (Thorazine). This paper examines the reception of Chlorpromazine in the Soviet Union and its effect on the Soviet practice of psychiatry. The drug, known in the USSR by the name Aminazine, was first used in Moscow in 1954 and was officially approved in 1955. I argue that Soviet psychiatrists initially embraced it because Aminazine enabled them to successfully challenge the Stalin-era dogma in their field (Ivan Pavlov's 'theory of higher nervous activity'). Unlike in the West, however, the new psychopharmaceuticals did not lead to deinstitutionalisation. I argue that the new drugs did not disrupt the existing Soviet system because, unlike the system in the West, the Soviets were already dedicated, at least in theory, to a model which paired psychiatric hospitals with community-based 'neuropsychiatric dispensaries.' Chlorpromazine gave this system a new lease on life, encouraging Soviet psychiatrists to more rapidly move patients from in-patient treatment to 'supporting' treatment in the community.

Evidence of infectious disease, trauma, disability and deficiency in skeletons from the 19th/20th century correctional facility and asylum «Realta¼ in Cazis, Switzerland.

As a reaction to widespread poverty, a system of coercive welfare developed in Switzerland during the 19th century. Poverty was often thought to result from an individual's misconduct rather than from structural, economic or political circumstances. People whose lifestyle deviated from the desired norm or who were unable to make a living for themselves were subjected to so-called administrative detention at institutions such as workhouses and poorhouses. The excavation of the cemetery of the correctional facility/workhouse and asylum «Realta¼ in Cazis offered the opportunity to gain insight into the living conditions of a marginalized group of people and to shed light on aspects of coercive welfare that have hardly been addressed in historical studies. A comprehensive study of pathological alterations was used to assess possible physical causes and effects of administrative detention. Skeletal samples from regular contemporaneous cemeteries provided data for the general population and thus allowed us to detect peculiarities in the «Realta¼ assemblage. Possible cases of Stickler Syndrome, microcephaly, congenital syphilis, endemic hypothyroidism and disabilities secondary to trauma may have been the reason for the affected individuals' institutionalisation. The high prevalence of tuberculosis was linked to the socioeconomic status and the living conditions at the facility. Several cases of scurvy and osteomalacia may have resulted from various risk factors such as poverty, alcoholism, mental illness or institutionalisation. The fracture rates, especially of ribs, were extremely high. A large proportion of the fractures were incompletely healed and most likely occurred during detention due to interpersonal violence. Underlying diseases further contributed to the high fracture rates. This first study on skeletons from an institution of administrative detention in Switzerland demonstrated how pre-existing health conditions and the socioeconomic background contributed to the chance of being detained, and how detention led to further deterioration of health.

No meio do caminho tinha uma pedra: a história de violência e sofrimento social de jovens adultos com trajetórias de internação em hospital psiquiátrico / In the middle of the road there was a stone: the history of violence and social suffering among young adults with trajectories of psychiatric hospitalization

Resumo São apresentadas as histórias de vida de três jovens adultos, com longo período de internação psiquiátrica, que se tornaram moradores de hospital psiquiátrico em Sorocaba (SP), em uma região caracterizada como polo manicomial. Objetivou-se analisar as políticas de saúde mental e os efeitos de suas ações na vida daqueles sujeitos, tendo como premissas as discussões sobre sofrimento social. Por meio da "objetivação participante", acompanharam-se, durante dois anos, suas trajetórias após o processo de desospitalização. Como resultado, aponta-se que a política de saúde naquele município tem sido promovida por meio de esquemas totalizantes e coercitivos, em que a institucionalização da vida, com a sua medicalização, constitui a "resposta" para alguns problemas sociais.

Abstract This article presents the life stories of three young adults with a long history of psychiatric hospitalization who became residents of a psychiatric hospital in Sorocaba (SP), in a region known as a center for the mentally ill. This study analyzes mental health policies and their effects on the lives of these individuals based on discussions about social suffering. Using the participant objectivation technique, these individuals were followed for two years after dehospitalization. The results show that health policy in Sorocaba has been advanced through totalizing and coercive schemes with institutionalization and medicalization comprising the "solution" to some social problems.

The role of therapeutic jurisprudence to support persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities in the courtroom: Reflections from Ontario, Canada.

It is generally recognized that persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are at greater risk than the general population when they encounter the criminal justice system due to vulnerabilities such as cognition, memory and language (Jones, 2007). To date, little evidence has been generated regarding best practice to support persons with IDD in the criminal justice system, specifically the courtroom. Various models of problem-solving courts have developed across Canada to divert cases composed of complex human social problems to more appropriate community-based treatment and supports. Past Canadian authors have raised critical questions that require reflection about the broader theory of Therapeutic Jurisprudence (TJ) and its current implementation in problem-solving courts. Given the risk and vulnerabilities of persons with IDD in the criminal justice system, problem-solving courts (specifically mental health courts) hold great promise to address some of the unique needs of these individuals. We reflect on the critical questions raised by previous Canadian authors regarding problem-solving courts and suggest some considerations that need to be addressed to maximize the benefits of these courts for persons with IDD.

The Final Years of Central State Hospital.

There is a rich literature on the deinstitutionalization movement in the US but few, if any, parallel histories of state mental hospitals. Under attack from the 1950s on, state hospitals dwindled in size and importance. Yet, their budgets remained large. This paper offers a case study of one such facility, Indiana's Central State Hospital, between 1968 and 1994. During these years, local newspapers published multiple stories of patient abuse and neglect. Internal hospital materials also acknowledged problems but offered few solutions. In 1984, the US Department of Justice intervened, charging Central State with having violated patients' civil rights, the first such action filed under the 1980 Civil Rights of Institutionalized Persons Act. Although Indiana signed a consent decree promising major reform, long-lasting change proved elusive. Civil and criminal lawsuits proliferated. In 1992, as Central State continued to attract negative attention, Indiana Governor Evan Bayh ordered the troubled hospital closed. His decision promised to save the state millions of dollars and won plaudits from many, but not all, mental health advocates. Even as the last patients left in 1994, some families continued to challenge the wisdom of eliminating Indiana's only large urban mental hospital, but to no effect.

Casas de nacimientos en España. ¿Una opción segura? / Birth Centers in Spain. Are they a safe choice?

Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica actual sobre las casas de nacimientos (unidades gestionadas por matronas que ofrecen un entorno similar al hogar y promueven la fisiología del parto), en términos de coste-efectividad, satisfacción y seguridad, tanto materna como neonatal, así como el contexto histórico de las mismas en diferentes países y la situación actual de España en relación con el lugar de nacimiento. Material y método: Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos CINAHL, PubMed, Biblioteca Cochrane y Medline, y en las guías clínicas nacionales e internacionales de distintas organizaciones científicas. Resultados: Las últimas evidencias señalan que parir en casas de nacimientos tiene beneficios obstétricos y de coste-efectividad, mayor tasa de partos espontáneos y menor tasa de intervenciones, así como una mayor satisfacción materna. Conclusiones: Parir en casas de nacimientos es una opción segura que ofrece mejores resultados obstétricos para mujeres de bajo riesgo, es más económica y su creación respondería a una demanda social

Objective: To analyse the current scientific evidence about birth centers (units managed by midwives where a homelike environment and promotion of the physiology of birth is offered) in terms of cost-effectivity, maternal satisfaction and safety for mothers and babies, the historical context of birth centers in different countries and the current birthplace situation in Spain. Method: A research was conducted using the databases: CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane Library and Medline. National and International Clinical Guidelines as well as publications from organisations of scientific interest were also consulted. Results: The latest evidence demonstrates that giving birth in birth centers is associated with obstetric benefits, is more cost-effective, contributes to higher rates of normal vaginal deliveries and less interventions as well as higher levels of maternal satisfaction. Conclusions: Giving birth in birth centers is a safe option that provides better obstetrics outcomes to low risk women, it is more economical and it constitutes a response to a social demand

Deviancy, Dependency, and Disability: the Forgotten History of Eugenics and Mass Incarceration.

Three widely discussed explanations of the punitive carceral state are racism, harsh drug laws, and prosecutorial overreach. These three narratives, however, only partially explain how our correctional system expanded to its current overcrowded state. Neglected in our discussion of mass incarceration is our largely forgotten history of the long-term, wholesale institutionalization of the disabled. This form of mass detention, motivated by a continuing application of eugenics and persistent class-based discrimination, is an important part of our history of imprisonment, one that has shaped key contours of our current supersized correctional system. Only by fully exploring this forgotten narrative of long-term detention and isolation will policy makers be able to understand, diagnose, and solve the crisis of mass incarceration.

A assistência psiquiátrica a crianças anormais no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brasil, 1940) / Psychiatric care for abnormal children at the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brazil, 1940s)

Resumo O artigo apresenta pesquisa centrada na assistência psiquiátrica destinada a crianças e jovens ditos anormais em Santa Catarina. Inicialmente, analisa-se o surgimento da ideia de "criança perigosa", ou da categoria "menor", a partir da discussão de Foucault sobre a noção de "indivíduo perigoso", para então abordarem-se as dificuldades apresentadas na institucionalização da minoridade anormal em Santa Catarina. A seguir, são questionados os vínculos existentes entre as teorias que permitem identificar as crianças ditas anormais com as ideias eugênicas. Por fim, problematiza-se a dinâmica institucional que envolvia os menores ditos anormais internados no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana na década de 1940.

Abstract Research into the psychiatric care for so-called abnormal children and youths in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina is presented. The emergence of the idea of the "dangerous child" or the category of "minor" is discussed, drawing on Foucault's discussion of the notion of the "dangerous individual." This is followed by a presentation of the difficulties faced in the institutionalization of abnormal minors in the aforementioned state. The links between theories that enable so-called abnormal children to be identified and the ideas of eugenics are then questioned. Finally, the institutional dynamics involving so-called abnormal children admitted to the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana in the 1940s are scrutinized.

[Psychiatric care for abnormal children at the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brazil, 1940s)]. / A assistência psiquiátrica a crianças anormais no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana (Santa Catarina, Brasil, 1940).

Research into the psychiatric care for so-called abnormal children and youths in the Brazilian state of Santa Catarina is presented. The emergence of the idea of the "dangerous child" or the category of "minor" is discussed, drawing on Foucault's discussion of the notion of the "dangerous individual." This is followed by a presentation of the difficulties faced in the institutionalization of abnormal minors in the aforementioned state. The links between theories that enable so-called abnormal children to be identified and the ideas of eugenics are then questioned. Finally, the institutional dynamics involving so-called abnormal children admitted to the Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana in the 1940s are scrutinized.

O artigo apresenta pesquisa centrada na assistência psiquiátrica destinada a crianças e jovens ditos anormais em Santa Catarina. Inicialmente, analisa-se o surgimento da ideia de "criança perigosa", ou da categoria "menor", a partir da discussão de Foucault sobre a noção de "indivíduo perigoso", para então abordarem-se as dificuldades apresentadas na institucionalização da minoridade anormal em Santa Catarina. A seguir, são questionados os vínculos existentes entre as teorias que permitem identificar as crianças ditas anormais com as ideias eugênicas. Por fim, problematiza-se a dinâmica institucional que envolvia os menores ditos anormais internados no Hospital Colônia Sant'Ana na década de 1940.

Serviço de Acolhimento Institucional para Crianças e Adolescentes: feedback effects, inflexões e desafios atuais / Servicio de Acogimiento Institucional para Niños y Adolescentes: efectos de retroalimentación, inflexiones y retos actuales / Home services for children and adolescents: feedback effects, reflections, and current challenges

Resumo O objetivo do estudo é investigar, da perspectiva do institucionalismo histórico, a evolução histórica e a configuração atual do Serviço de Acolhimento Institucional para Crianças e Adolescentes em situação de risco. Argumenta-se que decisões prévias, por favorecerem o desenvolvimento de certas capacidades estatais em detrimento de outras, influenciam decisões correntes, explicando a dificuldade de mudança no curso das políticas. A análise mostra que escolhas feitas na Era Vargas prejudicaram a implementação de inovações do Código de Menores de 1979 e do Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), de 1990, até meados da década de 2000, quando a burocracia estatal na área da assistência foi fortalecida. A empiria utilizada são os dados do Censo Suas 2014 e as normativas que têm estruturado, desde o início do século XX, as políticas de assistência social e de atenção à criança e ao adolescente.

Resumen El objetivo del estudio es investigar, de la perspectiva del institucionalismo histórico, el desarrollo histórico y la configuración actual del Servicio de Acogimiento Institucional para los Niños y Adolescentes en situación de riesgo. Se argumenta que, al favorecer el desarrollo de ciertas habilidades a expensas de la otra, las decisiones anteriores influyen en las decisiones actuales, lo que explica la dificultad de cambio en el curso de la política. El análisis muestra que las decisiones tomadas en el estado Vargas minaron la aplicación de las innovaciones establecidas por el Código de Menores de 1979 y el Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), de 1990, hasta mediados de 2000, cuando se fortalece la burocracia estatal de asistencia social. El empírica utilizada son los registros del Censo Suas 2014 y las normas que se estructuran a partir de principios del siglo XX, las políticas de asistencia social y la atención a los niños y adolescentes.

Abstract The objective of the study is to investigate, through a historical and institutional perspective, the historical development and current configuration of the Institutional Care Service for Children and Adolescents at risk. It is argued that, by favoring the development of certain skills at the expense of others, previous decisions have influenced current decisions, explaining the difficulty of changing the course of policy. The analysis shows that choices made in the Vargas Era undermined the implementation of innovations established by the Código de 1979 and the Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA) (1990) up until the mid-2000s when the bureaucracy of state social assistance was strengthened. The empirical data used are found in the Censo Suas 2014 and the regulations that, from the early twentieth century, have been structured in child and adolescent social assistance policies.

Institutionalising senile dementia in 19th-century Britain.

This article explains how old, poor people living with dementia came to be institutionalised in 19th-century Britain (with a focus on London), and how they were responded to by the people who ran those institutions. The institutions in question are lunatic asylums, workhouses and charitable homes. Old people with dementia were admitted to lunatic asylums, workhouses and charitable homes, but were not welcome there. Using the records of Hanwell lunatic asylum, published texts of psychiatric theory, and the administrative records that all of these institutions generated at local and national levels, this article argues that 'the senile' were a perpetual classificatory residuum in the bureaucracy of 19th-century health and welfare. They were too weak and unresponsive to adhere to the norms of the asylum regime, yet too challenging in their behaviour to conform to that of the workhouse, or the charitable home. Across all of these institutions, old people with dementia were represented as an intractable burden, many decades before the 'ageing society' became a demographic reality.

Imagens sociais de crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados e suas famílias / Imágenes sociales de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias / Social images of institutionalized children and adolescents and their families

Resumo Este trabalho apresenta uma reflexão teórica acerca das imagens sociais de crianças e adolescentes institucionalizados e suas famílias. Parte-se de uma perspectiva histórica acerca das instituições no Brasil até os dias atuais, em que a política de atendimento é regida pela Doutrina da Proteção Integral, prevista pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, destacando-se os prejuízos das imagens sociais negativas relativas a crianças e adolescentes em acolhimento e suas famílias. São discutidos alguns trabalhos que enfocam as imagens construídas acerca dessa população e suas consequências, tanto para os sujeitos em situação de institucionalização quanto para os profissionais que com eles trabalham. Conclui-se destacando a importância de trabalhos de sensibilização junto a profissionais que atuam na área da proteção, saúde e educação.

Resumen Este trabajo presenta una reflexión teórica sobre las imágenes sociales de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias. Inicia con una perspectiva histórica sobre las instituciones de protección en Brasil hasta en la actualidad, cuando la política de asistencia se rige por la Doctrina de Protección Integral prevista por el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente, haciendo énfasis en las imágenes sociales negativas acerca de los niños y adolescentes institucionalizados y sus familias. Se presentan algunos trabajos que se centran en las imágenes construidas sobre esta población y sus consecuencias, tanto para los sujetos institucionalizados como para los profesionales que trabajan con ellos. Se concluye resaltando la importancia del trabajo de difusión con los profesionales que actúan en el ámbito de la protección, salud y educación.

Abstract This study presents a theoretical reflection about the social images of institutionalized children and adolescents and their families. It introduces a historical perspective about these institutions in Brazil until nowadays, in which the attendance policy is governed by the Doctrine of Integral Protection, provided by the Statute for Children and Adolescents. We highlight the prejudice of negative social images related to children and adolescents in social care and their families. Some papers that focus on the constructed images of this population and their consequences, both for the individuals in situation of institutionalization as for professionals who work with them, are discussed. In conclusion, it is highlighted the importance of awareness-raising activities with professionals working in the area of protection, health and education.

Psychiatry 50 years ago.

The 1960s was a period of reform and innovation in the provision of care for people with mental health problems. The most important development was the move away from residential institutions and the development of community services based on district general hospitals.

[25 years after re-unification of Germany: An overview on Eastern German psychiatry. Part 2: Pluralistic approaches and the collapse in the 1980s]. / 25 Jahre nach der "Wiedervereinigung": Der Versuch einer Übersicht über die Psychiatrie in der DDR. Teil 2: Von pluralistischen Betrachtungsweisen und dem Zusammenbruch in den 1980er Jahren.

This is the second part of a 2-part study of the history of psychiatry in East Germany, i. e. the Soviet Occupied Zone and later German Democratic Republic. This part primarily covers the 1970 s and 1980 s. Starting from the 1970 s, pluralistic views on and approaches to mental illness and its treatment gained ground, which was especially visible in psychotherapy. The exacerbating economic crisis of the 1970 s and 1980 s led to a steadily worsening collapse of the building infrastructure of clinics and any reformation that would have led to significant financial investment became impossible. Despite attempts from party and state, psychiatric institutions successfully resisted being systematically misused against their patients.In the discussion part, the study supports the notion that East German psychiatry was neither totally isolated nor communist in nature. Even though communism had an influence, it did not have a decisively modifying impact on psychiatry, so that one can characterize psychiatry in East Germany as a medical discipline with a certain specific typology.

Bastard Breadfruit and other Cheap Provisions: Early Food Science for the Welfare of the Lower Orders.

Breadfruit is best known in connection with an infamously failed project: the 1789 mutiny against the Bounty, commanded by William Bligh. However, four years later, Bligh returned to the Pacific and fulfilled his commission, delivering breadfruit and other Pacific foods to Caribbean plantations. Placing these plant transfers in the emerg- ing sciences of food and nutrition in the eighteenth century, this essay examines the broader political project of what would much later be called 'the welfare state; which motivated British officials' interest in experimenting with novel ingredients and recipes to cheaply nourish a range of dependent populations in institutional settings. Perhaps most strikingly, their nutritional recommendations borrowed directly from agricultural practices, particularly from new methods for feeding livestock in confinement.